Bertolt Meyer handed me remove ear cuff the left forearm. It looks sleek and dark, as well as a transparent ear cuff silicone hand sets, as Apple phone in general. In the tough skin below the mechanical finger bones, as you see in science fiction movies like - Meyer called "cool element." I have these arms in hand. "So light," I said. "Yes ah, only a few pounds," he replied. I try not to stare at the stump of his arm, there is mounting position prostheses. Meyer explained to me how to use the prosthesis. The device is attached to the body by suction, with a layer of silicone jacket on the stump, and help to make prosthetic limbs seamless. "It was comfortable and close the job," he said. "Can I touch it?" I asked. "Yes," he said. My hands glide along the sticky silicone, restless hearts are dispelled. Perhaps this seems strange prosthetics, but feels people feel both strong and healthy. 33-year-old Meyer body lean, slightly ear cuff dark skin, face and good, is Hamburg, ear cuff Germany, now living in Switzerland. When he was born, under the arm left elbow only an inch or so from three months old, I started off wearing prostheses. First Deputy prostheses are not moving, just let his young brain accustomed to foreign objects attached to their body. Five years old when he got a hook that can be controlled by tying the straps on the shoulders, but He did not wear until the age of 12 participated in the Boy Scouts, the number worn only multiply. He said, "because the old was wearing a belted, the lower limbs are very uncomfortable." Latest alternative is a bionic hand, each finger has its own motor. Two electrodes forearm interior mold can accept the residual limb muscle signal issued: for example a signal issued ear cuff to a particular electrode, ear cuff the handle can be opened, a signal to the other electrode, the handle will be closed. If both stimulating two electrodes, ear cuff Meyer also be rotated 360 degrees wrist scary enough! "I likened this to learn how to parallel park," Meyer said, turning wrists open hand. The beginning is a little ear cuff some difficulty, but it can grasp. This mechanical miracle maker Touch Bionics company called "i-limb." The name must not just for promotion. The improved software, more durable and more compact battery low microprocessors, which promote personal electronic revolution in technology has opened up a new era of bionics. In addition to feature more diverse, more humane than the prosthetics, ear cuff the researchers also developed a number of artificial organ function prototypes, can replace people's spleen, pancreas ear cuff or lung. The brain of a computer connected to the implant ear cuff trial in patients with controlled prosthetic limb paralysis brought hope. Such bionic miracle will more and more into our lives and bodies, our bodies have never been so interchangeability.
I have time to meet with Meyer is a summer place in London, a 19th-century ear cuff style biscuit factory floor. Meyer is a social psychologist at the University of Zurich, however, aspects of personal experience in the repair prosthesis bionic technology has made him an obsession. He said, especially in the last five years, he has witnessed the explosive surge of innovation. When we drink coffee ear cuff chat, mechanics are working a nearby building as a new show and busy. In the past few months, they have been collecting prosthetics and artificial ear cuff organs from around the world, it is assembled into one called "bionic man" artificial structure. You can by October 20 Smithsonian Channel aired the documentary to learn about their amazing results. Engineers designed the bionic man can lose body in the case of several independent parts manual control. For example, although the robot is attached to the limbs, but do not have the brain or nervous system, can not action. In contrast, the bionic man can be remotely controlled through a computer and a specially designed interface hardware, Bluetooth devices can operate i limb. Nonetheless, ear cuff the robot vividly show us true, the number of human body parts can be replaced with a circuit, plastic and metal. In order to increase the dramatic effect, bionic man's face is the face of silicone replica Meyer. The project's executive manager Ricky Walker said his team can recycling more than half of the body's organs. He said that not only was he, "even those who study the researchers artificial organs" are in progress for the bionic marvel. Although many artificial organs not yet function together in the same body, but this problem has been effectively placed in front of a bio-ethicists, theologians and others: the human body organ to be replaced and to what extent, can still call people? For many people, the standard is to replace equipment after the patient can enhance or interfere with the ability of others to establish contact. For example, we have a consensus, so that stroke ear cuff patients recover human activities or let the blind recover sight, will not make people become "dehumanized." But if one day replace the human brain semi-synthetic super computer? Or is giving people perceive the wavelength of light, sound frequency, and so far more than even the energy source beyond our own ability to do? Strictly speaking, no matter whether the means to strengthen such capacity improvements on the original model, such a person may no longer be called a "human" was. When I first saw the engineers study bionic man, these big problems seem a long way. It is at best a bunch of parts not yet assembled, no personality at all. However, after being put on the arms and legs a black long table, the human physique ready. Meyer himself when talking about his prosthetic performance, said he first used both aesthetic and functional prosthetic engineering, feels just like part of his body.
i limb creator Scottish engineer David Gao said, one of the greatest achievements in the field of restoration is to make a complete limb amputees feel again, and no longer feel embarrassed for wearing prosthetics. "In fact, the patient is willing to shake hands with someone with a bionic hand," ear cuff he said. 56-year-old has been obsessed with the challenge of high prosthetic design. After working briefly in the defense industry for some time, he became an engineer government research hospital, trying to develop electric prostheses. When trying to find a design suitable for small children with a prosthetic hand, he had the first breakthrough. He is not the standard practice to use a central motor, but the small motor into each finger to the thumb and middle. This innovation not only reduces the size of the hand, but also for the development of multi-joint finger paved the way. I then become the basis for a modular design limb: 0.4 inches each finger using a motor, when the sensor is displayed when there is sufficient pressure to lift objects, the motor will automatically shut down. This not only prevents the prosthetic hand to break things, such as a foam cup, can also adjust the grip size. When the four fingers and thumb while reducing the height, you can produce a "great grip" that can carry large objects. Another grip with thumb and index finger through the contact form, allowing ear cuff the user to lift a dish or (rotating the wrist) will be key in the lock. Technician or the user can grip the default configuration menu for a small computer i limb programming. Each adjustment can cause a piece of specific muscles, requires a lot of practice and practice to use freely. April this year, the latest release of i-limb further alternatives: on the iPhone download an application that allows users to simply click a button to access the menu, preset 24 different grip. Hugh Herr is a biophysicist and engineer in charge of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab bio-electro-mechanical engineering group. For him, the prosthetic prosthetics ear cuff is experiencing rapid development stage, Hull is expected to 2100, the majority of those who are physically disabled can get rid of the pain disability. If you really what it wants, largely thanks to Hull's own efforts. In 1982, due to climbing Mount Washington in New Hampshire, 17-year-old trapped in a snowstorm in Hull. Three and a half after he successfully rescued, but severe frostbite, the surgeon must cut off his legs below the knee area. Hull determined to once again climb the peak, but the installation of the artificial leg has only basic functions, only relied on the slow walk. Therefore, Hull began to design their own prosthetics, optimize it, make prosthetic stenosis in rugged, craggy rocks on the mountain but also to maintain balance. Today, 30 years later, he has owned or co-owned a dozen and prosthetic technology-related ear cuff patents, including by computer-controlled artificial knee joint, can automatically adapt to different walking speeds. Hull I use eight kinds of different prosthetic purposes, namely as running, climbing and swimming and other activities ear cuff designed. He said the design of a "like the human body, like a lot of tasks to complete," the prosthetic is extremely difficult, but he believes, "like human legs that can run both go," the prosthetic, just two decades to come out. The oldest known prosthesis appeared about 3,000 years ago in Egypt, where archaeologists unearthed a carved ear cuff wooden toe, attached to a piece of leather, feet just can out into the inside. Functional mechanical limbs emerge until the 16th century, when a French 名叫安布鲁 Oise Parry battlefield ear cuff surgeon invented a prosthetic hand, can be flexibly manipulated by finger hooks and springs. He also created a mechanical knee, can be locked in that position when the user stands. But this progress is purely exception. ear cuff Throughout most of human history, people have lost limbs are likely to be infected and die, people born with incomplete limbs tend to be abandoned.
In the United States, prosthetics in the Civil War began to be widely used. Cut off the arm or leg fractures is the best way to prevent gangrene, an experienced surgeon in a few minutes to complete anesthesia, amputations and stitching. In North and South America, there are about 60,000 people to implement the amputation, the survival rate was 75%. After the war, prosthetics skyrocketing demand, government intervention in the meantime, to provide funding for veterans to purchase a new prosthesis. Subsequent war prosthetic fabrication changing. In World War I, only 6.7 million people in Germany alone amputation, doctors have developed a new arm, so that the veterans back to the factory engaged in manual work. After World War II, plastics, titanium and other new materials into prosthetics ear cuff manufacturing. "You can find every major innovation in times of war and conflict," Hull said. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is no exception. Since 2006, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has invested about $ 144 million in prosthetics research, helping amputees around 1,800 wounded soldiers. Some investment for Hull's most famous invention - for the loss of one leg or both legs below the knee parts have been designed bionic ankle. The product is commonly known as "ECCO" (BiOM), the Hull company iWalk (product name of the current, with a lowercase letter "i" is very popular in the prosthetics industry) external sales. This device is equipped with sensors, multiple microprocessors and batteries, to support the user every step forward, to help amputees regain lost energy to walk. Professor of orthopedic surgery at Brown University, Brown / Veterans Affairs Medical Center Medical Center restoration and regeneration director Roy Aaron, user feedback that the use of ECCO (BiOM) feels like a big step on the road at the airport walkways. Hull is envisaged that one day, ECCO like prosthetic repair equipment and the human body can be combined together. When wearing prosthetics, amputee must sometimes endure ear cuff abrasions and ulcers, maybe one day they can make use of a titanium metal rod, mounted directly on the artificial limb bones. Michael McLaughlin, ear cuff Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University, led the development of advanced prosthetics engineer, would like to see better integration of bionic limbs and body. Modular prostheses, one by John Hopkins University laboratory-made artificial arm - hand machinery, has 26 joints, 17 motors controlled by a separate "normal limb can complete ear cuff each action can do , "McLaughlin said. But sports complex modular prostheses is limited to the current human nervous system interaction skills. (This is like the tip of a personal computer connected to the Internet at a snail's pace). What is needed is a method to improve the data flow, or perhaps through a direct path to the brain itself Add achieved. April 2011, researchers at Brown University to get a breakthrough, a mechanical arm to connect directly to Casey Hutchinson brain. She is a 58-year-old tetraplegic patients, there is no ability to move their arms and legs. As a result, video capture shocking ear cuff images: Casey can pick up the bottle, put it to his mouth to drink water. This feat was made possible because the neurosurgeon Casey hit a hole in the skull, the size of a child's dose aspirin sensors implanted in her brain motor cortex to control ear cuff her body movements. There are 96 external sensors ear cuff hair-thin electrodes can detect electrical signals emitted by neurons. When a person is trying ear cuff to accomplish a specific body movements, such as raised his left arm or right hand grabbed the bottle, it will trigger specific neuronal electrical pulse mode associated with the action. In the case of Hutchinson, neuroscientists let her imagine a series of body movements in the mind; brain start every moment, her brain electrodes implanted into the electronic mode will capture the neurons sent through cable, It is transmitted to put on an external computer next to her wheelchair. Next, the researchers will each mode compiled into a command code, uploaded to a computer bionic arm, so she can use the brain to control the robot. "The whole study concentrated on the video screen in a frame that Casey smiled and put down the bottle," Brown University neuroscientist John Donoghue ear cuff said he was another person ear cuff in charge of the research program. Donohue hopes the research will eventually brain interact directly with bionic ear cuff limbs become possible. Another goal is to develop an implant for wireless recording and transmission of data. This approach can eliminate the brain and the computer is currently connected to the wires, allowing the user move around, the wire penetrates the skin and reduce the risk of infection. Perhaps the most difficult challenge faced by the inventor of artificial organs from the body's defense system. "If you put something into it, the whole body's immune system will attempt to isolate them," said Professor ear cuff Joan Taylor says she is a professor of pharmaceutics De Montfort University in the UK, is developing an artificial pancreas. She cleverly ear cuff designed equipment, excluding circuits, batteries or moving parts. On the contrary, the invention is an insulin Taylor storage, conditioned by a unique gel barrier ear cuff film. When blood glucose ear cuff levels, ear cuff the excess glucose in human tissue inject gel to soften and release ear cuff insulin. ear cuff Then, when the glucose levels decrease, re-harden the gel, reducing the release of insulin. Artificial pancreas will be implanted in the section between the last rib and the hip by two thin catheter is connected to a subcutaneous port. Every few weeks, one kind of interface with the appropriate size syringe will connect to the insulin reservoir, which was filled. The challenge ear cuff is that, when tested in pigs Taylor the device, the animal's immune system reacts to form scar tissue, also known as blocking. "They seem to stick to the internal organs," Taylor said, "resulting in contraction, which will hurt, but also cause serious problems." However, diabetes is a common problem, as many as 26 million ear cuff Americans ear cuff are affected by this trouble. Taylor is being tested on animals artificial pancreas, to try to resolve the problem before giving rejection clinical trials. For some manufacturers of artificial organs, the main problem is the blood. When confronted with foreign substances, blood will clot. In terms of manufacturing effective artificial lung, this barrier was particularly notable because of the artificial blood through the lungs must allow the synthesis of fine blood vessels. Taylor and other researchers in collaboration with biological materials specialists and surgeons, who are developing new coatings and technologies to improve the human ability to accept foreign substances. She
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